目录
Content
Chapter_1
Chapter_2
Chapter_3
Chapter_4
Chapter_5
Chapter_6
Chapter_7
Chapter_8
Chapter_9
Chapter_10
Chapter_11
Chapter_12
Chapter_13
Chapter_14
Chapter_15
Chapter_1
2000年1月TOEFL试题
Section Three: Reading Comprehension
Questions 1-10
As Philadelphia grew from a small town into a city in the first half of the eighteenth
century, it became an increasingly important marketing center for a vast and growing
agricultural hinterland. Market days saw the crowded city even more crowded, as
line fanners from within a radius of 24 or more kilometers brought their sheep, cows, pigs,
(5) vegetables, cider, and other products for direct sale to the townspeople. The High Street
Market was continuously enlarged throughout the period until 1736, when it reached
from Front Street to Third. By 1745 New Market was opened on Second Street
between Pine and Cedar. The next year the Callowhill Market began operation.
Along with market days, the institution of twice-yearly fairs persisted in
(10) Philadelphia even after similar trading days had been discontinued in other colonial
cities. The fairs provided a means of bringing handmade goods from outlying places to
would-be buyers in the city. Linens and stockings from Germantown, for example,
were popular items.
Auctions were another popular form of occasional trade. Because of the
(15) competition, retail merchants opposed these as well as the fairs. Although
governmental attempts to eradicate fairs and auctions were less than successful, the
ordinary course of economic development was on the merchants' side, as increasing
business specialization became the order of the day. Export merchants became
differentiated from their importing counterparts, and specialty shops began to appear in
(20) addition to general stores selling a variety of goods.
One of the reasons Philadelphia's merchants generally prospered was because the
surrounding area was undergoing tremendous economic and demographic growth.
They did their business, after all, in the capital city of the province. Not only did they
cater to the governor and his circle, but citizens from all over the colony came to the
(25) capital for legislative sessions of the assembly and council and the meetings of the
courts of justice.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Philadelphia's agriculture importance
(B) Philadelphia's development as a marketing
center
(C) The sale of imported goods in Philadelphia
(D) The administration of the city of
Philadelphia
2. It can be inferred from the passage that new
markets opened in Philadelphia because
(A) they provided more modem facilities than
older markets
(B) the High Street Market was forced to close
(C) existing markets were unable to serve the
growing population
(D) farmers wanted markets that were closer
to the farms.
3. The word "hinterland " in line 3 is closest in
meaning to
(A) tradition
(B) association
(C) produce
(D) region
4. The word "it" in line 6 refers to
(A) the crowded city
(B) a radius
(C) the High Street Market
(D) the period
5. The word "persisted" in line 9 is closest in
meaning to
(A) returned
(B) started
(C) declined
(D) continued
6. According to the passage, fairs in Philadelphia
were held
(A) on the same day as market says
(B) as often as possible
(C) a couple of times a year
(D) whenever the government allowed it
7. It can be inferred that the author mentions
"Linens and stockings" in line 12 to show that
they were items that
(A) retail merchants were not willing to sell
(B) were not available in the stores in
Philadelphia
(C) were more popular in Germantown man
in Philadelphia
(D) could easily be transported
8. The word "eradicate" in line 16 is closest in
meaning to
(A) eliminate
(B) exploit
(C) organize
(D) operate
9. What does the author mean by stating in line 17 that "economic development was on the
merchants' side "?
(A) Merchants had a strong impact on
economic expansion.
(B) Economic forces allowed merchants to
prosper.
(C) Merchants had to work together to
achieve economic independence
(D) Specialty shops near large markets were
more likely to be economically
successful.
10. The word "undergoing" in line 22 is closest in meaning to
(A) requesting
(B) experiencing
(C) repeating
(D) including
Questions 11-22
Avicolturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned
how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue
to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates.
line When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the
(5) nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird's skin to the top portion
of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This
temperature gradient may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction can
contribute to this temperature gradient Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt
are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material.
(10) Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom
sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As the
water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor rises and is
heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation
environment
(15) In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots
and incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat the
eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird's method of natural
incubation, and perhaps reducing the viability and survivability of the hatching chicks.
When incubators are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden boxes outdoors
(20) to use as nests in which to place eggs. In areas where weather can become cold after
eggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material to
act as insulator against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the wooden
bottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to a point where
the embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, these boxes should be protected from
(25) direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo.
Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme
temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, se